[49] "I don't see what one's interpretation of Aristotle has to do with the teaching of the faith," he wrote in 1271. A. [58] Scientific societies and scientific journals emerged and were spread widely through the printing press, touching off the scientific revolution.

[20], While Aristotle considered natural philosophy more seriously than his predecessors, he approached it as a theoretical branch of science.

The eligibility requirements for NSFC/RGC JRS are as follows: A. Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The conference/workshop will normally be carried out from July 1 to June 30 of the following year.

[11] They reveal a conception of the universe as ever-expanding and constantly being recycled and reformed. [34] This approach, however, was seen by some detractors as heresy. Astronomy includes the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. Reserved, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Natural_Science_Foundation_of_China. Research ProposalsThe assessment criteria for research proposals include scientific merit, the extent to which existing strengths of each side may complement each another, and opportunities for training young researchers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Natural_Science_Fo... China Center of Advanced Science and Technology.

Research ProposalsThe Hong Kong Principal Investigators (PIs) should meet fully the requirements for applying for the RGC General Research Fund. Researchers outside of Hong Kong and the Mainland may participate as members of the Hong Kong or the Mainland research teams.

[24], Aristotle's works on natural philosophy continued to be translated and studied amid the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate. Hong Kong applicants are reminded to check with their universities regarding internal closing dates. here Is the research focus limited to six areas. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to early periods of civilization, while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. "[36], In the late Middle Ages, Spanish philosopher Dominicus Gundissalinus translated a treatise by the earlier Persian scholar Al-Farabi called On the Sciences into Latin, calling the study of the mechanics of nature scientia naturalis, or natural science.

Conference ProposalsThe conference grant aims to encourage young researchers of similar fields from Hong Kong and the Mainland to foster collaboration through the dissemination of their recent and unpublished research works. [74] But the word did not enter general use until nearly the end of the same century.

The six focus areas under the scheme include Information Technology, Life Science, New Materials Science, Marine and Environmental Science, Medicine, and Management Science. The study of the earth, particularly palaeontology, blossomed in the 19th century. "[61] Other historians of science, including Edward Grant, contend that the scientific revolution that blossomed in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries occurred when principles learned in the exact sciences of optics, mechanics and astronomy began to be applied to questions raised by natural philosophy. Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is environmental science. [72] James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century unified these discoveries in a coherent theory of electrodynamics. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole. [48] Aquinas and Albertus Magnus, another Catholic theologian of the era, sought to distance theology from science in their works. [70], In the 18th century and 19th century, scientists including Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday built upon Newtonian mechanics by exploring electromagnetism, or the interplay of forces with positive and negative charges on electrically charged particles.

In so doing, it gradually acquired the more modern name of natural science. For each Conference Proposal, there should be one Hong Kong PI and one co-organizer from the Mainland. Moreover, Hong Kong applicants should refer to the relevant requirements of the NSFC and ensure that their eligibility as a Hong Kong PI will be accepted by the NSFC. [69] Another of Newton's advances was to make mathematics a powerful explanatory tool for natural phenomena. [57] Natural philosophers including Isaac Newton, Evangelista Torricelli and Francesco Redi conducted experiments focusing on the flow of water, measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer and disproving spontaneous generation. The basis of materials science involves studying the structure of materials, and relating them to their properties. [38], Later philosophers made their own classifications of the natural sciences. [8] They focused on the yin and yang, or contrasting elements in nature; the yin was associated with femininity and coldness, while yang was associated with masculinity and warmth. [12] Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and eclipses were explained increasingly in the context of nature itself instead of being attributed to angry gods.